Empirical Formula Definition and Examples

The empirical formula of a compound is defined as the  formula that shows the ratio of elements present in the compound, but not the actual numbers of atoms found in the molecule. The ratios are denoted by subscripts next to the element symbols. Also Known As: The empirical formula is also known as the  simplest formula  because the subscripts are the smallest whole numbers that indicate the ratio of elements. Empirical Formula Examples Glucose has a molecular formula of C6H12O6. It contains 2 moles of hydrogen for every mole of carbon and oxygen. The empirical formula for glucose is CH2O. The molecular formula of ribose is C5H10O5, which can be reduced to the empirical formula CH2O. How to Determine Empirical Formula Begin with the number of grams of each element, which you usually find in an experiment or have given in a problem.To make the calculation easier, assume the total mass of a sample is 100 grams, so you can work with simple percentages. In other words, set the mass of each element equal to the percent. The total should be 100 percent.Use the molar mass you get by adding up the atomic weight of the elements from the periodic table to convert the mass of each element into moles.Divide each mole value by the small number of moles you obtained from your calculation.Round each number you get to the nearest whole number. The whole numbers are the mole ratio of elements in the compound, which are the subscript numbers that follow the element symbol in the chemical formula. Sometimes determining the whole number ratio is tricky and youll need to use trial and error to get the correct value. For values close to x.5, youll multiply each value by the same factor to obtain the smallest whole number multiple. For example, if you get 1.5 for a solution, multiply each number in the problem by 2 to make the 1.5 into 3. If you get a value of 1.25, multiply each value by 4 to turn the 1.25 into 5. Using Empirical Formula to Find Molecular Formula You can use the empirical formula to find the molecular formula if you know the molar mass of the compound. To do this, calculate the empirical formula mass and then divide the compound molar mass by the empirical formula mass. This gives you the ratio between the molecular and empirical formulas. Multiply all of the subscripts in the empirical formula by this ratio to get the subscripts for the molecular formula. Empirical Formula Example Calculation A compound is analyzed and calculated to consist of 13.5 g Ca, 10.8 g O, and 0.675 g H. Find the empirical formula of the compound. Start by converting the mass of each element into moles by looking up the atomic numbers from the periodic table. The atomic masses of the elements are 40.1 g/mol for Ca, 16.0 g/mol for O, and 1.01 g/mol for H. 13.5 g Ca x (1 mol Ca / 40.1 g Ca) 0.337 mol Ca 10.8 g O x (1 mol O / 16.0 g O) 0.675 mol O 0.675 g H x (1 mol H / 1.01 g H) 0.668 mol H Next, divide each mole amount by the smallest number or moles (which is 0.337 for calcium) and round to the nearest whole number: 0.337 mol Ca / 0.337   1.00 mol Ca 0.675 mol O / 0.337 2.00 mol O 0.668 mol H / 0.337 1.98 mol H which rounds up to 2.00 Now you have the subscripts for the atoms in the empirical formula: CaO2H2 Finally, apply the rules of writing formulas to present the formula correctly. The cation of the compound is written first, followed by the anion. The empirical formula is properly written as Ca(OH)2

Causes And Effects Of Revolutions - 1237 Words

The Causes and Effects of Revolutions Revolutions have occurred throughout history and continue to arise even in the present day. Many revolution happens because of the miscommunication between the government and its citizens. In the end, the outcome of revolutions are usually good but, sometimes it might not be what people want. In the following paragraphs, examples of the general causes and effects that creates a revolution will be discussed in order to illustrate how revolutions are mainly caused by the dispute between the regime and its citizen. When a revolution begins, there is always a cause behind it and most of time it s the government s unfair treatment to its citizens. Inequality can come in many different types, such as†¦show more content†¦For example, in the French revolution, the bread prices rise due to the poor harvest of wheat before and during the French revolution and the deregulation of the grain market. Even though bread was expensive, people would still have to purchase and consume it in order to survive because it was the staple food in France. As a result, with the increased price of bread and the unchanged rate of taxation and wages, this caused a famine in France where many people from the lower class died from it. Therefore, it has prompted a mass of people to revolt. Hence, this leads to social inequality. Social inequality is when people in the upper class owns a greater amount of wealth than those who are in the middle and lower class. For instance, in the Chinese revolution, the regime ke pt increasing the taxes on its citizens, causing a disparity between the middle and upper classes. As a result, no matter how much the government increase in taxes, the upper class would always have the money to pay for it since they own a significant amount of wealth, while those who are in the middle class and lower class doesn t have the ability to pay for the large amount of taxes. Therefore, this causes the middle and lower classes to revolt. Despite that the regimes are treating its citizens unfairly in the past, this type of issue still occurs in the present day which causes the many different types of revolutions worldwide. In every

Poem Analysis “Out, Out” Free Essays

Poem Analysis: â€Å"Out, Out-† In the poem, â€Å"Out, Out-â€Å", author Robert Frost starts off his poem by giving an inanimate object, the buzzsaw, a sense of life. Using the literary device, Personification, the buzz saw is being written with characteristics a curious and rather playful child. The buzzsaw acts like once hears the young man’s mother call for supper time, that it wants to eat, so eats the young man’s hand. We will write a custom essay sample on Poem Analysis â€Å"Out, Out† or any similar topic only for you Order Now The buzzsaw takes (Cuts Off) the hand in a rather subtle demeanor, but in truth, it would be a very graphic to behold. Throughout the poem, everything is written in a peaceful and quite tone, even during the violent and gruesome ones to. To add to the fact of the buzzsaw is being personified in the story, the buzzsaw seems to only attack when the mother calls all for supper. The buzzsaw acts like it knows what the meaning of supper time is. Another literary device used in this poem is the process of along with the use of otomotapia(s). Using repetition first to deliver emphasis to the reader of the sounds that buzzsaw would be making, and then the actual sound being written/sounded out in an otomotapia base. The otomotapia in the story would be the grinding sounds made the buzzsaw ripping the through the poor young man’s arm. This quote from the story pretty much sums all that I describe above; â€Å"The saw snarled and rattled, snarled and rattled†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and it continues about three more times over and over. The use of the sound effects gives the once playful buzzsaw a more animalistic approach, making it seem like it is hungry after hearing the key word â€Å"supper†. To conclude, the literary devices used in Robert Frost’s poem are mostly to emphasis and give life to once lifeless piece of machinery. The story, rather bloody and saddening, is a well written example of poetry and depth behind each and every letter/word. The analysis is still to be assessed, but this all gives basic understanding as to what meant behind his more obvious literary devices. How to cite Poem Analysis â€Å"Out, Out†, Essay examples

Optical Network Design and Planning

Question: Discuss about the Optical Network Design and Planning. Answer: Network Diagram Figure: 1 Network Diagram The above network diagram portrays that a total of seven personal computer are connected to the network via wired line whereas, one laptop and one tablet computer are accessing the network through the wireless connection. In the above-designed network, diagram has total two routers and two switches. Router 1 is connected to the internet and the second router is connected to router one. Two routers are connected with two switches respectively. Switch one is connected with the router one and switch two is connected to the second router. Three PCs are connected to the switch one, and other three PCs are connected to the second switches which are subnet B and subnet A. The main network administration system is connected with the switch one. A wireless access point also connected with the switch one. A tablet computer and a laptop computer access, the network via access point which is subnet C. The subnet C network, is connected to the internet via switch and router. In the Subnet 3 netwo rk, it has wireless access to the internet. Subnet A System IP Address Subnet Mask Gateway Address PC1 172.22.0.2 255.255.254.0 172.22.0.1 PC2 172.22.0.3 255.255.254.0 172.22.0.1 PC3 172.22.0.4 255.255.254.0 172.22.0.1 Subnet B System IP Address Subnet Mask Gateway Address PC1 172.22.2.3 255.255.255.248 172.22.2.1 PC2 172.22.2.4 255.255.255.248 172.22.2.1 PC3 172.22.2.5 255.255.255.248 172.22.2.1 Subnet C System IP Address Subnet Mask Gateway Address Tablet computer 172.22.2.2 255.255.255.128 172.22.2.7 Laptop PC 172.22.2.6 255.255.255.128 172.22.2.7 The network diagram shows the various entities used in forming the network. The various other devices that need to be added to the network for ensuring the basic functionality are hub, bridge, repeater, central office server, firewall and many more. In order to understand the significant of connecting various devices, the architecture of the network need to be robust. An essential element required in the network is the Hub. Being a non-intelligent device the hub is required in the network to broadcast the data from one computer connected o the network to another device. The hub is added to the OSI model's physical layer. Thus, it has no acknowledgement of the different MAC address of the devices connected to the network. Repeater used in the network will amplify the signal while discarding the noise. Repeaters are required for broadcasting over a long distance to prevent the distorted signal. The firewall system is used for security purpose. A firewall system can be placed or connected the router, switch, or in between the internet and router. A firewall has two type of functions, one is packet filter firewall, and another one is proxy filter firewall. Packet filter firewall is used to filter the network packets, and proxy filter firewall is used to bypass the access system. A proxy server is used in proxy filter firewall to check the authorized access. A repeater can be used to in this network. The chief hardware recommendation of the network for basic functionality is a wireless router, wires based connection, and wireless NIC. The wireless router is required for the providing internet access to the components connected to the network. The wireless router acts as the hub of the wired network. Furthermore, a wired base connection or Ethernet connection is required to provide standard networking function in the network. The most vital part of the wireless network required is the Network Information Card (NIC). Usually, the laptops come with inbuilt NIC card, but in order to connect any personal computer on the desktop with the wireless network, the system must have installed NICs. To implement a wireless network few things must be considered, those are The environment creates major influence in a wireless network system. Before place any wireless access point, the environment should be checked. Application support must be enabled in a wireless network system. The application can be simple office application, like an email application, file transfer application, browsing application. It could be remote patient observing in a doctor's facility or voice telephony in a storeroom. The application prerequisites empower the network designer to indicate the material throughput, innovations and items when outlining the framework. Coverage area describes the place where users access the wireless network. The users might need only connectivity in their application. In addition, deliberately consider whether coverage is required in stairwells, lifts, and parking lots. These are hard-to-cover the area, and it can increase the wireless network device cost. By indicating the appropriate coverage, it can be avoid the extra expense for wireless network devices. Dynamic IP- Make sure to recognize whether the users are stationary or mobile, which gives evidence to incorporating upgraded roaming in the configuration. The user of mobile will move about the facility and possible roaming crosswise over IP spaces, making need to oversee IP addresses dynamically. Few users, in any case, might be stationary, for example, remote desktops. Security system describes the wireless network information sensitivity which will navigate the wireless system. The wireless network designer needs to put an authentication in the wireless network system. A robust firewall system needs to be installed in the network to provide security for communication through the network. Bibliography Simmons, J. M. (2014). Optical network design and planning. Springer. Dziubiski, M., Goyal, S. (2013). Network design and defence. Games and Economic Behavior, 79, 30-43. Ramezani, M., Bashiri, M., Tavakkoli-Moghaddam, R. (2013). A new multi-objective stochastic model for a forward/reverse logistic network design with responsiveness and quality level. Applied Mathematical Modelling, 37(1), 328-344. Quigley, T., MacInnis, A. G., Behzad, A. R., Karaoguz, J., Walley, J., Buer, M. (2015). U.S. Patent No. 9,198,096. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Mayoral, A., Lpez, V., Gerstel, O., Palkopoulou, E., de Dios, . G., Fernndez-Palacios, J. P. (2014, March). Minimizing resource protection in IP over WDM networks: Multi-layer shared a backup router. In Optical Fiber Communication Conf.(OFC) (pp. M3B-1). Andrews, P. E., Harris, R., Plum, D. L. (2013). U.S. Patent No. 8,495,190. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Li, Y., He, P., Hu, Y., Chen, C., Nie, J., Liang, Y. (2015). U.S. Patent Application No. 14/879,950. Tongxing, M. A., Pan, L., Yang, R., Jianguo, D. A. N. G. (2014). U.S. Patent Application No. 14/338,409. Scherzer, T., Scherzer, S. (2013). U.S. Patent No. 8,358,638. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office